Pick up almost any pack of chewing gum at a convenience store, pharmacy, or checkout aisle.
Flip it over.
Look at the ingredient list.
You will see something like this: gum base, sorbitol, glycerol, natural and artificial flavors, lecithin, aspartame, acesulfame K, BHT.
You will not see what the gum base actually is.
Current labeling regulations permit gum base ingredients to be disclosed collectively under the term "gum base."
The FDA permits gum manufacturers to list the entire gum base — which can include petroleum-derived polymers including polyvinyl acetate, polyisobutylene, and styrene-butadiene rubber — as a single ingredient without disclosing its composition.
Many consumers may be unaware that some conventional gum bases contain synthetic polymer ingredients permitted under current food regulations.
Natural chewing gum is different.
Not because of marketing language.
Because of what it is actually made of.
This article covers what natural chewing gum is, where it comes from, what the research says about its ingredients, and what actually separates a well-formulated plant-based gum from the synthetic alternative that has dominated the market for the past century.
These statements have not been evaluated by the Food and Drug Administration.
This product is not intended to diagnose, treat, cure, or prevent any disease.
The 9,000-Year History of Natural Chewing Gum
The human impulse to chew plant resins is not a modern wellness trend.
It is one of the oldest continuous oral practices in human history.
The earliest known chewing gum was found in Finland — a lump of birch bark tar with visible teeth marks, carbon-dated to approximately 9,000 years ago.
In 2019, researchers at the University of Copenhagen extracted a complete human genome and oral microbiome from a 5,700-year-old piece of birch tar chewing gum found in southern Denmark — demonstrating that this ancient chewing substance preserved enough biological material to reconstruct detailed information about the person who chewed it.
Birch bark tar contains antiseptic phenolic compounds and naturally occurring xylitol — which modern research now recognizes as beneficial to oral health.
Ancient Greeks chewed mastic resin from the Pistacia lentiscus tree growing on the island of Chios — a practice that gave us the word "mastication" itself.
The word derives from the Greek "mastichein," meaning to chew, and mastic was recognized in ancient medicine for its oral hygiene and digestive benefits.
The Maya and Aztec civilizations of Mesoamerica chewed chicle — the natural latex of the sapodilla tree — for oral hygiene and breath freshening.
Smithsonian Magazine notes that Aztec social codes even regulated when chicle could be chewed in public, with chicle playing a central cultural and hygienic role across Mesoamerican society.
Indigenous peoples of North America chewed spruce tree resin for similar purposes — oral hygiene, breath freshening, and as a traditional remedy for respiratory complaints.
The pattern across every culture that independently developed chewing gum practices is the same: natural plant resins, harvested sustainably from living trees, used for oral health maintenance.
This was the original chewing gum.
What happened to it is a story worth understanding.
What Changed: The Shift From Natural to Synthetic
The commercialization of chewing gum in the United States began in the late 19th century, initially using chicle as the gum base.
Thomas Adams and William Wrigley built their gum empires on chicle — a genuinely natural, sustainable, plant-derived ingredient.
The shift away from chicle began during World War II, when supply chains for natural chicle were disrupted and manufacturers began experimenting with synthetic alternatives.
What started as wartime necessity became the permanent industry standard.
Synthetic polymer bases — primarily polyvinyl acetate, polyisobutylene, and styrene-butadiene rubber — offered significant manufacturing advantages: cheaper production, unlimited supply, precise consistency, and indefinite shelf life.
By the 1950s and 1960s, chicle had been almost entirely replaced by petroleum-derived synthetic polymers in mass-market gum.
As researchers at the University of Portsmouth have documented, modern commercial chewing gum contains styrene-butadiene — the same synthetic chemical used to make car tires — polyethylene — the plastic used to make carrier bags — and polyvinyl acetate — along with sweeteners and flavoring.
Current FDA labeling regulations permit gum base ingredients to be disclosed under the collective term "gum base" rather than listing each component individually.
What Natural Chewing Gum Actually Is
Natural chewing gum uses plant-derived resin bases rather than synthetic petroleum-derived polymers.
The specific resins used vary by formulation, but the best-formulated natural gums draw from ingredients with centuries of traditional use and growing bodies of modern research.
Here is what each ingredient in a well-formulated natural gum does and what the research says about it.
Chicle gum base
Chicle is the natural latex of the sapodilla tree (Manilkara zapota), primarily harvested in Mexico, Guatemala, and Belize by skilled workers called chicleros.
The harvesting process involves making diagonal cuts in the sapodilla tree's bark and collecting the latex that flows out — a method similar to maple syrup tapping that does not harm the tree.
A peer-reviewed study published in the journal Molecules examining chicle as a renewable resource confirmed that since timber harvesting is prohibited in major tapping regions and selective chicle extraction does not affect forest diversity, chicle harvesting can play a role in the conservation of tropical forests and the sustainable development of rural Latin America.
The Arbor Day Foundation notes that each sapodilla tree can be tapped repeatedly for decades without damage, making chicle one of the few commercially harvested natural products that actively incentivizes forest conservation by giving local communities economic reasons to keep trees standing.
Chicle is fully biodegradable — breaking down through natural microbial processes rather than persisting as synthetic polymers do.
Mastic gum
Mastic is a crystalline resin harvested from the Pistacia lentiscus var. Chia tree on the Greek island of Chios, where it has been produced for over 2,500 years.
A 2023 systematic review published in the Journal of Natural Medicines examined 14 peer-reviewed studies on mastic gum and oral health and found that mastic gum displayed antibacterial and antimicrobial properties, inhibited plaque accumulation, and constituted a beneficial adjuvant in caries prevention.
The same review found that Pistacia lentiscus essential oil provided effective antibacterial activity against a variety of periodontal bacteria including Porphyromonas gingivalis and demonstrated anti-inflammatory properties in periodontal disease contexts.
A 2025 randomized clinical trial published in the Journal of Breath Research found that Chios mastic reduced objective hydrogen sulfide levels in oral breath — a primary measurable indicator of halitosis — in orthodontic patients over two weeks.
No notable toxic or side effects were reported across the clinical trials reviewed in the 2023 systematic review.
UNESCO has recognized the traditional cultivation and harvesting of mastic on Chios as Intangible Cultural Heritage, acknowledging both its cultural significance and the sustainable harvesting practices that have preserved the ecosystem for millennia.
Spruce gum
Spruce resin — traditionally chewed by Indigenous peoples across North America — contains antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory compounds that modern research is beginning to characterize.
A preprint study examining Norway spruce resin extract evaluated its anti-inflammatory, anti-plaque efficacy, and biocompatibility for oral care applications, finding the resin showed meaningful activity in the evaluated contexts.
Modern research has identified antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory compounds in conifer resins consistent with their traditional use in wound care and oral hygiene.
Acacia gum
Acacia gum — also known as gum arabic — is a water-soluble fiber derived from the Acacia tree.
A 2024 review published in Frontiers in Oral Health examining gum arabic and periodontal health found that acacia gum demonstrates potential as a candidate in periodontal disease management, with research examining its effects on oral bacterial quorum sensing and biofilm formation.
Myrrh gum
Myrrh — a resin from the Commiphora myrrha tree — has been used in oral care traditions across the Middle East and Africa for centuries.
A 2023 study published in the International Journal of Dental Medicine found documented antimicrobial activity of Commiphora myrrha against Streptococcus mutans and Lactobacillus species associated with dental caries.
Xylitol
Xylitol is the primary sweetener in Nathan and Sons' natural chewing gum — chosen specifically for its oral health research profile rather than as a simple sweetener.
A 2022 study published in Frontiers in Nutrition found that xylitol gum was associated with a statistically significant 20 percent reduction in dental plaque accumulation and meaningful decreases in cariogenic and periodontopathic bacteria over two weeks.
A systematic review examining xylitol chewing gum frequency and oral bacteria found a linear dose-response relationship between xylitol gum use frequency and reduction of mutans streptococci in plaque and unstimulated saliva.
Oral bacteria cannot ferment xylitol — meaning they cannot use it to produce the lactic acid and volatile sulfur compounds associated with tooth decay and bad breath.
This distinguishes xylitol from fermentable sweeteners like sorbitol and from synthetic sweeteners like sucralose and aspartame — which have different research profiles and oral health implications.
Research has identified differences in how various sweeteners interact with oral bacteria — our articles on what is xylitol, what is sorbitol, and what is sucralose cover the research on each in detail.
Nano-hydroxyapatite
Nathan and Sons' natural chewing gum contains both nano and micro hydroxyapatite — the same mineral compound that comprises approximately 90 to 97 percent of tooth enamel by weight.
A systematic review and meta-analysis published in Clinical Oral Investigations found significant remineralization potential for nano-hydroxyapatite when surface hardness testing was used as the measurement standard across multiple studies.
A 2025 narrative review published in Biomimetics examining hydroxyapatite across multiple clinical studies confirmed that hydroxyapatite-containing products — including chewing gum — are among the formats being studied for enamel and dentin remineralization support.
Zinc gluconate and additional minerals
The formulation also includes zinc gluconate, calcium carbonate, magnesium carbonate, and calcium bentonite clay — each contributing to the mineral-rich oral environment the gum is designed to support.
Research on zinc-containing oral care products has examined zinc's ability to interact with volatile sulfur compounds, with multiple peer-reviewed studies finding significant reductions in measurable volatile sulfur compounds in breath.
The terpene blend: menthone, carvone, and cineole
The natural flavoring in this formulation is not artificial mint flavoring — it is a specific terpene blend drawn from plant sources.
A review published in the European Journal of Oral Sciences examining essential oils for halitosis treatment found that menthol and related terpenes including cineole showed documented antimicrobial activity against volatile sulfur compound-producing oral bacteria, with peppermint oil also stimulating salivation.
Carvone — the primary flavor compound in spearmint — and cineole from eucalyptus have each been examined for antimicrobial activity against oral bacterial species in peer-reviewed research.
These statements have not been evaluated by the FDA.
The Microplastics Question: What 2025 Research Revealed
This is the most recent and significant development in the natural versus synthetic gum conversation — and it deserves accurate, careful treatment.
In 2025, researchers at UCLA and Queen's University Belfast published findings indicating that chewing gum — both synthetic and natural — releases measurable microplastic particles into saliva during chewing.
A peer-reviewed study published in the Journal of Hazardous Materials and related research presented at the ACS Spring 2025 meeting found that chewing one gram of synthetic gum released an average of 104 microplastic particles, while one gram of natural gum released 96 — a difference that was not statistically significant between the two categories.
The researchers noted that higher particle counts in synthetic gums were associated with greater percentages of polyvinyl acetate — a petroleum-derived plastic confirmed as a gum base ingredient by chemical analysis.
The presence of microplastic particles in natural gum samples was attributed by the researchers to likely environmental contamination of ingredients during processing rather than the chicle or tree resins themselves.
This research is currently under further peer review and represents an evolving area of scientific investigation.
What it establishes at this stage:
Synthetic gum bases — polyvinyl acetate, styrene-butadiene, polyisobutylene — are petroleum-derived plastics.
When these materials are chewed, they release measurable microplastic particles.
The long-term health implications of microplastic ingestion from chewing gum are an active area of research.
A 2024 prospective observational study examining microplastic and nanoplastic pollution found that participants with detectable polymer particles in arterial plaques had significantly higher risk of cardiovascular events — though the relationship between chewing gum specifically and cardiovascular outcomes has not been established.
Consumers concerned about ingredient transparency may choose to evaluate whether a product discloses its gum base ingredients individually.
These statements have not been evaluated by the FDA.
Why the Gum Base Disclosure Gap Matters
Current FDA labeling regulations permit gum base ingredients to be disclosed under the collective term "gum base" — allowing any combination of approved synthetic polymers, plasticizers, resins, and emulsifiers to be listed as a single word.
As researchers at the University of Portsmouth have noted, modern conventional chewing gum contains styrene-butadiene, polyethylene, and polyvinyl acetate — petroleum-derived materials — but consumers have no way to know this from reading the label.
Natural gum manufacturers who use chicle, mastic, spruce resin, and acacia can choose to list every ingredient transparently.
Some consumers may prefer brands that voluntarily disclose individual gum base ingredients.
Nathan and Sons lists every ingredient in our natural chewing gum — including the specific plant resins in the gum base, the sweeteners, the terpene blend, and the mineral ingredients.
Full ingredient transparency is not a marketing differentiator.
It is the minimum standard a consumer should expect from any oral care product they use multiple times daily.
Browse our full oral care collection to see everything we make.
Our remineralizing gum contains chicle, mastic gum, spruce gum, acacia gum, myrrh gum, xylitol, nano-hydroxyapatite, zinc gluconate, calcium carbonate, magnesium carbonate, calcium bentonite clay, candelilla wax, citric acid, and a natural terpene blend of menthone, carvone, and cineole.
No synthetic polymer gum base.
No artificial sweeteners.
No undisclosed proprietary blends.
The Saliva Foundation: Why Chewing Itself Matters
Whatever gum you choose, the most important thing to understand is what chewing does.
Chewing stimulates saliva production.
The American Dental Association recommends sugar-free gum chewing for approximately 20 minutes after meals specifically because of this saliva-stimulating effect.
Saliva is the mouth's primary defense system.
It physically washes away food particles and bacteria.
It contains antimicrobial enzymes that inhibit bacterial growth.
It provides oxygen to oral tissues — suppressing the anaerobic bacteria most associated with bad breath and plaque.
It carries calcium and phosphate ions that contribute to enamel remineralization.
A systematic review and meta-analysis published in BMC Oral Health found that gum chewing significantly increased salivary flow rate across multiple populations — confirming this as one of the most consistent and well-established findings in oral health research.
Every active ingredient in a well-formulated natural gum builds on this saliva-stimulation baseline.
Xylitol that cannot be fermented by bacteria.
Mastic that has been examined for antimicrobial activity against oral pathogens.
Zinc gluconate that research has examined for interaction with volatile sulfur compounds.
Nano-hydroxyapatite that research has examined for interaction with enamel mineral surfaces.
A terpene blend drawn from plants with documented antimicrobial research profiles.
These are not flavoring agents.
They are ingredients selected based on their individual research profiles — and delivered through a plant-based format that has been used safely for thousands of years.
Sustainability: What Plant-Based Gum Means for the Environment
Conventional synthetic gum is one of the most persistent forms of litter on earth.
The University of Portsmouth research team estimates that approximately 1.74 trillion pieces of gum are produced per year globally.
Most of that gum contains non-biodegradable synthetic polymers.
When discarded, these polymers do not decompose.
UV exposure and weathering cause them to fragment into smaller and smaller pieces — microplastics that enter soil and waterways.
The synthetic rubber in conventional gum bonds to pavement through the same polymer chemistry that makes it difficult to remove — creating a persistent litter problem that municipalities address with high-pressure steam, chemical solvents, and significant expense.
Natural chicle gum biodegrades.
Research on chicle-based gum biodegradation confirms that natural polymer bases are capable of biodegrading over time under certain environmental conditions — unlike synthetic gum bases which resist biological decomposition and fragment into persistent microplastic particles.
Beyond biodegradability, chicle harvesting actively supports tropical forest conservation.
The Molecules peer-reviewed study on chicle confirmed that because timber harvesting is prohibited in major tapping regions and selective chicle extraction does not affect forest diversity, chicle harvesting creates economic incentives for forest conservation that benefit biodiversity, wildlife habitat, and carbon sequestration simultaneously.
The chiclero communities of the Yucatan Peninsula — who have practiced sustainable chicle harvesting for generations — represent a model of extractive forestry that improves rather than depletes the ecosystems it depends on.
Mastic cultivation on Chios has similarly been practiced sustainably for over 2,500 years, with the ecosystem fully intact and recognized by UNESCO as a model of traditional ecological stewardship.
These harvesting models are frequently cited as examples of long-term sustainable resource management.
What to Look for When Choosing Natural Chewing Gum
The term "natural" on a chewing gum label is not regulated.
Any manufacturer can use it without meeting a defined standard.
The only reliable way to evaluate whether a chewing gum is genuinely natural is to read the ingredient list in full.
Here is what to look for:
The gum base should be named specifically — chicle, mastic, spruce resin, acacia — rather than listed generically as "gum base."
The sweetener should be xylitol, erythritol, or another plant-derived sugar alcohol rather than sucralose, aspartame, acesulfame potassium, or sorbitol.
The flavoring should be specific — essential oils, terpenes, or plant extracts — rather than listed as "natural and artificial flavors."
Every ingredient should be disclosed — not hidden behind proprietary blend designations.
The manufacturer should be able to tell you where their ingredients come from.
For a deeper look at what makes the sweeteners in gum formulations different from each other, our articles on what is xylitol, what is erythritol, what is sorbitol, and what is sucralose each cover the research in detail.
For more on the specific history and properties of chicle, our article on chicle chewing gum benefits covers the full story.
For more on mastic gum specifically, our article on best mastic gum examines the research in detail.
To learn more about who we are and why ingredient transparency matters to us, visit our about page.
What Natural Chewing Gum Is Not
Honest disclosure matters here.
Natural chewing gum is not a dental treatment.
It does not address existing dental disease, cavities, periodontal conditions, or any diagnosed medical condition.
It does not replace brushing, flossing, tongue cleaning, or professional dental care.
The individual ingredients in natural chewing gum have been studied in oral health research contexts — the finished product itself has not been evaluated by the FDA for the prevention, treatment, or mitigation of any condition.
Consult a qualified dental or healthcare provider before making changes to your oral care routine.
These statements have not been evaluated by the FDA and are not intended to diagnose, treat, cure, or prevent any disease.
Key Takeaways: Natural Chewing Gum
Natural chewing gum uses plant-derived resin bases — chicle, mastic, spruce, acacia, myrrh — rather than petroleum-derived synthetic polymers.
Humans have chewed natural plant resins for at least 9,000 years across every major civilization, consistently for oral hygiene and health purposes.
The shift from natural chicle to synthetic polymer gum bases occurred during and after World War II — driven by manufacturing cost advantages rather than health considerations.
Current FDA labeling regulations permit gum base ingredients to be listed collectively as "gum base" without individual disclosure of their composition.
A 2025 peer-reviewed study found that chewing synthetic gum released measurable microplastic particles associated with its petroleum-derived polymer base — an evolving area of active research.
Chicle-based natural gums are capable of biodegrading over time under certain environmental conditions, and chicle harvesting actively supports tropical forest conservation by giving communities economic reasons to maintain standing forest.
Mastic gum has a meaningful oral health research base including a 2023 systematic review of 14 studies confirming antibacterial and antimicrobial properties and a 2025 randomized clinical trial showing reduction in measured breath odor indicators.
Xylitol — the primary sweetener in Nathan and Sons' natural gum — is non-fermentable by oral bacteria and has been associated in research with statistically significant reductions in cariogenic bacterial counts and plaque accumulation.
The minimum standard for evaluating any natural gum is full ingredient transparency — every ingredient named, no proprietary blend designations, no generic "gum base" labeling.
These statements have not been evaluated by the FDA.
Not intended to diagnose, treat, cure, or prevent any disease.
Frequently Asked Questions: Natural Chewing Gum
What is natural chewing gum?
Natural chewing gum uses plant-derived resin bases — most commonly chicle from the sapodilla tree, mastic from the Pistacia lentiscus tree, spruce resin, and acacia gum — rather than the petroleum-derived synthetic polymers found in conventional commercial gum.
It is sweetened with plant-derived sugar alcohols like xylitol rather than synthetic sweeteners, and flavored with essential oils or terpenes rather than artificial flavor compounds.
Natural chewing gum has been produced and used for at least 9,000 years across virtually every major human civilization.
These statements have not been evaluated by the FDA.
What is conventional chewing gum made of?
Conventional commercial chewing gum uses a synthetic polymer gum base — typically including polyvinyl acetate, polyisobutylene, and styrene-butadiene rubber, all petroleum-derived materials.
Current FDA labeling regulations permit all synthetic gum base components to be listed as a single ingredient — "gum base" — without individual disclosure of their composition.
Many conventional gums use artificial sweeteners, sugar alcohols, or combinations thereof, and flavored with artificial flavor compounds.
Is natural chewing gum biodegradable?
Natural chicle-based chewing gum is capable of biodegrading over time under certain environmental conditions — breaking down through natural microbial processes as plant-derived organic material.
Conventional synthetic gum bases do not biodegrade — they fragment into persistent microplastic particles through UV exposure and weathering.
Does natural chewing gum release microplastics?
A 2025 peer-reviewed study found that both synthetic and natural chewing gum released measurable microplastic particles during chewing.
Synthetic gum showed higher concentrations of petroleum-derived polymers including polyvinyl acetate in the particles released.
Researchers attributed microplastic presence in natural gum samples to likely environmental contamination of ingredients during processing rather than the plant resins themselves.
This research is evolving and current evidence does not establish definitive health harm from chewing gum microplastic exposure at normal consumption levels.
These statements have not been evaluated by the FDA.
Is chicle sustainable?
Chicle harvesting from sapodilla trees is among the most well-documented sustainable natural resource extraction practices in the world.
Chicleros make cuts in the bark and collect latex without harming the tree — a method similar to maple syrup tapping that can be repeated for decades.
Because timber harvesting is prohibited in major tapping regions, chicle harvesting gives local communities economic incentives to protect standing tropical forest rather than clear it for agriculture.
This has been confirmed in peer-reviewed research on chicle as a renewable resource.
Why does Nathan and Sons use chicle and mastic instead of synthetic gum base?
Nathan and Sons uses chicle, mastic, spruce gum, acacia gum, and myrrh gum as plant-derived alternatives to synthetic polymer gum bases.
We list every ingredient transparently — including every component of the gum base — rather than using the generic "gum base" designation that current regulations permit.
Our ingredient choices reflect both the research profiles of the individual ingredients and our commitment to full ingredient transparency.
These statements have not been evaluated by the FDA.
What sweetener does Nathan and Sons use in their natural gum?
Nathan and Sons uses xylitol as the primary sweetener.
Xylitol is a naturally occurring sugar alcohol that oral bacteria cannot ferment — meaning they cannot use it to produce the lactic acid and volatile sulfur compounds associated with tooth decay and bad breath.
Research has associated xylitol gum with statistically significant reductions in cariogenic bacterial counts and plaque accumulation.
These statements have not been evaluated by the FDA.
How is natural chewing gum different from regular gum for oral health?
All chewing gum stimulates saliva production — which the ADA recognizes as helping to neutralize acids and support the oral environment.
Natural chewing gum formulated with ingredients like xylitol, mastic, zinc gluconate, and nano-hydroxyapatite adds ingredients that have been individually studied in oral health research contexts on top of that saliva-stimulation baseline.
The individual ingredients have been examined through mechanisms including antimicrobial activity, VSC neutralization, bacterial adhesion disruption, and enamel surface interaction.
These are research observations and should not be interpreted as treatment claims.
The finished product has not been evaluated by the FDA for the prevention, treatment, or mitigation of any condition.
These statements have not been evaluated by the FDA.
Legal & Compliance Disclaimer
These statements have not been evaluated by the Food and Drug Administration. This product is not intended to diagnose, treat, cure, or prevent any disease. The information in this article is for educational purposes only and is not a substitute for professional dental or medical advice. Consult a qualified dental or healthcare provider before making changes to your oral care routine. Content current as of 2026. Subject to revision.
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